Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
In wireless networking, the hidden terminal problem and the exposed terminal problem are two types of interference that can occur between wireless devices within the same network. They can lead to channel congestion and affect the utilization of the wireless channel.
Hidden Terminal Problem:
The hidden terminal problem occurs when two wireless devices, let's say Device A and Device B, are within range of a wireless access point (AP), but they are unable to detect each other's presence. This happens when there are obstacles or physical barriers between Device A and Device B. As a result, both devices may simultaneously attempt to transmit data, leading to a collision when their signals overlap at the AP. This collision causes data loss and reduces the overall channel utilization.
The main consequence of the hidden terminal problem is increased channel congestion due to collisions. When devices unknowingly transmit at the same time, collisions occur more frequently, resulting in reduced efficiency and throughput of the wireless network.
Exposed Terminal Problem:
The exposed terminal problem occurs when a wireless device, let's say Device C, refrains from transmitting data even though it could do so without interfering with other devices. This happens when Device C detects the ongoing transmission between two other devices, Device D and Device E, within its range. Device C assumes that the channel is busy and refrains from transmitting, even though it could safely transmit without causing any interference.
The consequence of the exposed terminal problem is underutilization of the channel. Due to the conservative behavior of Device C, the channel remains idle even when it could be utilized for data transmission. This leads to decreased efficiency and throughput of the wireless network.
Handshaking is a technique used to reduce the impact of collisions when they occur. It involves a process where devices exchange control signals to establish a communication link before transmitting data. The handshaking process helps devices detect if the channel is busy or idle and enables them to avoid simultaneous transmissions, thereby reducing collisions.
Handshaking is most effective in conditions where the hidden terminal problem is prevalent. By exchanging control signals, devices can notify each other of their intent to transmit and avoid collisions caused by hidden terminals. The handshaking process helps devices synchronize their transmissions and allocate specific time slots for data transmission, reducing the likelihood of collisions and improving channel utilization.
In summary, the hidden terminal problem and the exposed terminal problem in wireless networking can lead to channel congestion and underutilization, respectively. Handshaking is an effective approach to mitigate collisions and improve channel efficiency, particularly in scenarios where the hidden terminal problem is prominent.