Answer:
Common acids include:
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
- Nitric acid (HNO3)
- Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
- Citric acid (C6H8O7)
Common bases include:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)
Properties of acids:
- Sour taste
- React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
- Change litmus paper from blue to red
- Have a pH below 7
- Can cause burns and other damage to skin and other tissues
Properties of bases:
- Bitter taste
- Have a slippery, soapy texture
- Change litmus paper from red to blue
- Have a pH above 7
- Can also cause burns and other damage to skin and other tissues
Properties of salts:
- Formed by the reaction of an acid with a base
- Consist of a cation (positive ion) from the base and an anion (negative ion) from the acid
- Often have a crystalline structure and are soluble in water
- May be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the nature of the acid and base that formed them
Acids and bases can be measured using the pH scale, which ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, while numbers below 7 indicate increasing acidity and numbers above 7 indicate increasing basicity. Acids can also be measured using indicators such as litmus paper, which changes color in response to the acidity or basicity of a solution. More advanced methods of measuring acidity and basicity include titration, which involves adding a base of known concentration to an acidic solution until it neutralizes, allowing the determination of the acid concentration.