Answer:
1. The function of mitochondria in a cell is to produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria are also involved in other cellular processes such as apoptosis (programmed cell death), calcium signaling, and lipid metabolism.
2. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.
3. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in a cell. They read the genetic code stored in messenger RNA (mRNA) and use it as a template to link amino acids together in the correct order to form a protein chain.
4. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis, folding, and modification. It is also involved in lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification of drugs and toxins.
5. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells lack these structures. Additionally, plant cells are typically larger than animal cells.
6. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations. It consists of a series of flattened sacs called cisternae.
7. Lysosomes are involved in the breakdown of cellular waste and debris, as well as the degradation of damaged or unneeded cellular components. They contain enzymes that can break down various biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
8. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support to the cell, helps maintain cell shape, and enables cell movement and division. It is made up of three main types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
9. Passive transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the input of energy, while active transport requires the input of energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Passive transport includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, while active transport includes primary and secondary active transport.
10. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration). It is a type of passive transport and is important for maintaining the water balance in cells.
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