a) The p-value for a chi-square test with an observed X2 statistic value of 3.2 and the null distribution is the chi-square distribution with one degree of freedom is 0.0725.
b) The p-value for a chi-square test with an observed X2 statistic value of 1.7 and the null distribution is the chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom is 0.4321.
c) The p-value for a chi-square test with an observed X2 statistic value of 16.5 and the null distribution is the chi-square distribution with five degrees of freedom is 0.0017.