I am unable to answer questions two.
The five hallmarks in the history of quarantine are:
a) Early quarantine practices: Quarantine has been used throughout history to control the spread of disease. One of the earliest examples of quarantine can be traced back to the Bible, where it was used to control leprosy. Leprosy patients were separated from the rest of the population to prevent the spread of the disease.
b) Development of modern quarantine: The modern concept of quarantine emerged in the 14th century during the Black Death. Quarantine measures were used to control the spread of the disease by isolating infected individuals and restricting their movement.
c) Use of quarantine in colonial America: Quarantine was used in colonial America to control the spread of infectious diseases such as smallpox. Ships arriving from Europe were placed in quarantine until it was determined that there were no infected individuals on board.
d) Quarantine during the Spanish flu pandemic: Quarantine measures were used during the Spanish flu pandemic to control the spread of the disease. Quarantine stations were established across the United States, and individuals were required to wear masks in public.
e) Quarantine in the modern era: Quarantine measures have been used in the modern era to control the spread of diseases such as SARS and COVID-19. Governments have implemented travel restrictions and quarantine measures to prevent the spread of these diseases across borders.