The leaders of movements for independence faced various obstacles depending on the specific context and time period. Here are some common obstacles faced by many independence movements:
Resistance from colonial powers: Colonial powers often fought back against independence movements, using military force or other means to try to maintain control.
Lack of resources: Independence movements often lacked the resources and infrastructure needed to effectively challenge colonial powers.
Limited access to education and information: Many independence leaders were from rural or disadvantaged communities and lacked access to education and information, making it more difficult to organize and communicate their ideas.
Internal divisions: Some independence movements were divided by regional, ethnic, or religious differences, making it harder to achieve a united front.
Opposition from traditional elites: Some traditional elites opposed independence movements because they feared losing power or saw colonial rule as beneficial to their own interests.
International opposition: Some colonial powers had allies in other countries who opposed independence movements, and international institutions like the United Nations were not always supportive of decolonization.
Repression and violence: Many colonial powers used violence and repression to try to crush independence movements, leading to loss of life and hardship for those involved in the struggle.