Final answer:
The most recent National Survey on Drug Use and Health in 2009 indicated prescription opioids and heroin as the drugs with the highest dependence or abuse levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to the most recent National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the specific drugs that had the highest levels of past years dependence or abuse in 2009 were primarily prescription opioids and heroin. The opioid epidemic in the United States has been a significant public health crisis affecting all demographic groups. A substantial increase in the medical use of prescription painkillers, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and fentanyl, has been linked with the rise in addiction and subsequent switch to heroin use in some individuals. Local and national surveys have also shown a concerning increase in prescription medication use among senior citizens.