Final answer:
Biological respiratory surfaces are characterized by a large surface area, thin membranes, and permeability to gases, optimizing gas diffusion. Microbes entering through the larynx would pass through the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and to the alveoli. The respiratory system uses hairs, mucus, and cilia as defenses to protect against infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
The general characteristics of biological respiratory surfaces include a large surface area, thin membranes, and high permeability to gases. These features are structurally advantageous because they optimize the diffusion of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.
In the human respiratory system, air follows a specific pathway for gas exchange. Microbes that enter the respiratory tract through the larynx would pass through the pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and eventually reach the alveoli.
To protect against microbial infection, the respiratory system has multiple defenses. Hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity trap microorganisms and particulate matter.
Additionally, cilia transport trapped particles away from the lungs to the esophageal opening to be swallowed and disposed of through the digestive system. Such protective mechanisms serve to prevent tissue damage and infection.