Final answer:
The Sistine Chapel in the Apostolic Palace is famous for Michelangelo's paintings, including 'The Last Judgment.' The frescoes significantly influenced art history and representation of Catholic doctrine, despite Michelangelo's personal claim of not being a painter.
Step-by-step explanation:
The best known chapel of the Apostolic Palace, which Michelangelo painted, including 'The Last Judgment,' is the Sistine Chapel.
Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the ceiling, where he created a complex scheme that included the Creation, the Fall of Man, the Promise of Salvation through prophets, and the Genealogy of Christ.
The importance of the Sistine Chapel in the history of art is significant, as it turned into an academy for young painters, especially after Michelangelo returned to add 'The Last Judgment' fresco on the altar wall.
The fresco of 'The Last Judgment' on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, commissioned by Pope Clement VII, took Michelangelo from 1534 to 1541 to complete. This work departs from traditional placement of Last Judgement scenes, instead, it is located on the altar wall to depict the second coming of Christ and the apocalypse.
It is noted for its Mannerist style, distinctive musculature of figures, and including the pagan figure of Charon, which later faced attack in the Counter-Reformation.
The Sistine Chapel's recent cleaning highlighted Michelangelo's masterful use of chiaroscuro and vibrant color palette, confirming his legacy as a remarkable artist, despite him insisting that he was not a painter.