Final answer:
Middle-level abilities sit between general intelligence and specific skills and can be understood through hierarchical models like CHC or two-level concepts such as proposed by Jensen. However, it's crucial to acknowledge and address the inheriting biases and limitations in these approaches to better understand and measure intelligence accurately.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Middle-Level Abilities
The term 'middle-level abilities' refers to a hierarchical view of cognitive abilities situated between general intelligence at the top and specific skills at the bottom. The most comprehensive theory that elaborates on middle-level abilities is the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. This theory posits that abilities like fluid reasoning, short-term memory, and processing speed are broad but more specific than the overarching general intelligence, and these broad abilities encompass various narrow abilities that can be more directly measured and observed.
There are two main approaches to understanding middle-level abilities as conceptualized by different scholars. The first one is the hierarchical approach as seen in the CHC theory. The second approach comes from Arthur Jensen’s work, differing from the CHC as he proposed a two-level concept of abilities, where Level I is about rote memorization and Level II deals with conceptual and analytical skills. Jensen also controversially linked Level II abilities to ethnic backgrounds, which drew criticisms for potential racial bias.
To recognize and potentially overcome the limitations in these approaches, we need to be well-informed about barriers and biases inherent in the concepts. Critical reflection on the design and interpretation of theories is essential. This includes, but is not limited to, assessing how we measure intelligence, acknowledging cultural biases, and ensuring that interpretations do not reinforce stereotypes.