Final answer:
Labeling theory examines how society ascribes deviant behavior to individuals based on the reactions of others. There are two types of deviance: primary deviance, which has no long-term effects, and secondary deviance, which leads to a change in self-concept and behavior. Deviance can have various effects on society and may be influenced by societal reactions and prejudices.
Step-by-step explanation:
Labeling Theory and Deviance
Labeling theory examines how society ascribes deviant behavior to individuals based on the reactions of others. According to the theory, deviance is not determined by the behavior itself, but rather by the societal reactions to the behavior. There are two types of deviance: primary deviance, which is a violation of norms that does not result in long-term effects, and secondary deviance, which occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior change after being labeled as deviant by society. Secondary deviance can lead to a person embracing a deviant identity. Symbolic interactionism, which explores how societies perceive behaviors as deviant or conventional, can also be applied to understanding deviance.
Example: A Convicted Sexual Offender
In the example mentioned, labeling theory can explain the offender's actions. The offender has been labeled deviant by society due to their conviction as a sexual offender, which may influence their self-concept. Accepting this new master status as a deviant individual may contribute to the repetition of sexual crimes. The labeling theory suggests that societal reactions to deviance can shape individuals' behavior and identity.
Effect of Deviance on Society
Deviance can have various effects on society. It can challenge societal norms and values, contributing to social change. Deviance can also lead to societal reactions, including formal and informal sanctions. Additionally, perceptions and prosecutions of deviance may be influenced by racial, ethnic, or related prejudices. Understanding deviance is important in analyzing its impact on individuals and society as a whole.