Final answer:
The hormones related to energy metabolism abnormalities and insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains are insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Insulin directly affects glucose uptake and metabolism, while GLP-1 enhances insulin secretion and may exert neuroprotective effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
The hormones that exhibit abnormalities of energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, such as insulin resistance, include insulin and potentially glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Insulin, which is produced by beta cells of the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose by cells. Conversely, GLP-1 is an incretin that enhances insulin secretion and exhibits neuroprotective effects. However, in AD, insulin resistance can occur, contributing to impaired energy metabolism in the brain.
Each of these hormones has specific roles within the body: Insulin works to lower blood glucose levels, while GLP-1 not only promotes insulin release but also has effects on brain function and may impact neurological health. Considering leptin, while primarily associated with the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure, currently there is less direct evidence linking leptin abnormalities to insulin resistance in AD brains specifically. Therefore, the most directly related hormones to the abnormalities in question would be insulin and GLP-1.