Final answer:
Evaluation apprehension causes an increase in arousal, corresponding to physiological responses in the presence of an audience or when being evaluated.
Step-by-step explanation:
Evaluation apprehension is a concept in social psychology that refers to the anxiety individuals feel when they perceive that they are being evaluated by others. This apprehension can lead to various outcomes depending on the context, but when it comes to performance in the presence of others, the common result is an increase in arousal. Evaluation apprehension can cause physiological responses such as an increase in heart rate or sweating, as individuals become more vigilant and aware of their performance. This heightened state of arousal is linked to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response, as noted in the work of Schachter & Singer (1962), who demonstrated how individuals misattribute physiological arousal to emotional experiences. In the context of these findings, it is clear that evaluation apprehension increases arousal, which is option 3 in the provided list.