Question

Which of the following options is consistent with the levels of processing framework?

A) Deep processing leads to better memory than shallow processing.
B) Shallow processing always results in better memory than deep processing.
C) Visual processing is always superior to semantic processing for memory.
D) All types of processing contribute equally to memory encoding.

Answer 1

The correct option is A) Deep processing leads to better memory than shallow processing, as the levels of processing framework developed by psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving demonstrates that semantic encoding, a form of deep processing, results in better memory retention.

Step-by-step explanation:

The question relates to the levels of processing framework, which was developed by psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving. According to their research, the depth of processing affects how well information is remembered. In their experiments, they found that words that had been semantically encoded were better remembered by participants than those encoded visually or acoustically. Semantic encoding involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding and is more likely to lead to information being transferred to long-term memory.

Therefore, the correct option consistent with the levels of processing framework is: A) Deep processing leads to better memory than shallow processing. This is because deep (semantic) processing involves elaboration and connection to existing knowledge, which strengthens memory encoding and retrieval.