Final answer:
Expectancy effects, behavioral confirmation, and self-fulfilling prophecy are different names for the same concept. Confirmation bias, Pygmalion effect, Hawthorne effect, and placebo effect are related but not synonymous with expectancy effects/behavioral confirmation/self-fulfilling prophecy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expectancy effects, behavioral confirmation, and self-fulfilling prophecy are all different names for the same concept. These terms refer to the phenomenon where our beliefs and expectations about a person or situation influence their behavior, often leading to the confirmation of those beliefs. The four options listed in the question - confirmation bias, Pygmalion effect, Hawthorne effect, and placebo effect - are related concepts but not synonymous with expectancy effects/behavioral confirmation/self-fulfilling prophecy. Confirmation bias refers to our tendency to seek and interpret information in a way that confirms our existing beliefs. The Pygmalion effect, also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, occurs when higher expectations lead to an individual's increased performance. The Hawthorne effect describes changes in behavior when people are aware of being observed in a study. The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a person experiences a physical or psychological change due to their belief in a treatment, even if the treatment itself has no therapeutic effect.