Question

Reinforcement theories of drug use and abuse focus:

a. entirely on positive reinforcement
b. entirely on negative reinforcement
c. on both positive and negative reinforcement
d. neither on positive nor on negative reinforcement
e. none of the above

Answer 1

Reinforcement theories of drug use focus on both positive and negative reinforcement, as both the pleasurable effects of drugs and relief from withdrawal contribute to continued usage.

Step-by-step explanation:

Reinforcement theories of drug use and abuse suggest that both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement play a role in the development and continuation of substance use disorders. Positive reinforcement in this context refers to the rewarding effects of substances, such as the euphoria some drugs can induce, which increases the likelihood of continued use. Negative reinforcement, on the other hand, often involves the relief of negative states, such as withdrawal symptoms or stress, by taking the drug, also increasing the likelihood that the behavior will continue.

The correct answer to the question - Reinforcement theories of drug use and abuse focus on both positive reinforcement (such as obtaining pleasurable effects from substances) and negative reinforcement (such as relief from withdrawal symptoms or negative emotional states). Thus, the correct answer is: c. on both positive and negative reinforcement.