Final answer:
The antibiotic with a broad spectrum, containing a β-lactam ring and a modified 'thiazolidine ring' that inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins is Cephalosporin.
Step-by-step explanation:
The antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces spp., has a broad spectrum (including gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria), contains a β-lactam ring and a modified 'thiazolidine ring,' and inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins while stimulating autolysins is Cephalosporin.
Similar to the penicillins, Cephalosporins contain a β-lactam ring and block the transpeptidase activity of penicillin-binding proteins. The structure of Cephalosporins, particularly Cephalosporin C, includes a β-lactam ring fused to a six-member ring which grants it increased resistance to enzymatic inactivation by β-lactamases. Notably, Cephalosporin C has two R groups which allow for greater diversity in chemical alterations compared to penicillins which only have one R group. This diversity has led to the development of a range of semisynthetic cephalosporins that are categorized into generations based on their spectrum of activity.