Final answer:
Alcohols, such as ethanol and isopropanol, are commonly used as bactericidal and fungicidal disinfectants that disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins, but are not effective against spores.
Step-by-step explanation:
The chemical method that is most commonly used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, is bactericidal and fungicidal, but not sporicidal, and works by disrupting cell membranes and denaturing cell proteins is c) Alcohols. Alcohols, such as ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol, rubbing alcohol), are especially effective in aqueous solutions at concentrations around 70%, as they coagulate proteins and disrupt cell membranes, leading to cell lysis.
Despite their disinfecting properties, alcohols are not effective against bacterial spores but can inhibit sporulation and germination processes. They are commonly used in clinical settings for degerming skin before needle injection and as the active ingredients in instant hand sanitizers.