Question

At a picnic, one hungry listener hears a speaker refer to the "disgusting hot dog" and assumes the speaker was referring to a poorly cooked sandwich. A second listener, who has heard all the speaker's comments, knows that he was referring to someone who was showing off his athletic skills. The first listener was probably biased by:

A)Confirmation bias
B)Primacy effect
C)Anchoring bias
D)Expectancy bias

Answer 1

The correct answer is D) Expectancy bias, as the listener's interpretation of 'disgusting hot dog' was influenced by their hunger, making them expect the term to relate to food rather than an individual's behavior.

Step-by-step explanation:

The first listener's assumption that the speaker was referring to a poorly cooked sandwich, when in fact the speaker was talking about a person showing off, illustrates a bias influenced by the listener's immediate context and desires. This bias is known as Expectancy bias, which occurs when a person's expectations or preconceived notions influence their perceptions, leading them to see what they expect to see, rather than what is actually present.

In this case, the listener's hunger influenced their interpretation of the term "disgusting hot dog," expecting it to relate to food rather than a person's behavior. This assumption was not based on the information provided by the entire conversation, which would have clarified the speaker's meaning, but on an immediate personal context, making D) Expectancy bias the correct answer to the question.