Final answer:
State-level societies initially experience an increase in birth rates and a rise in mortality rates due to disease, but over time, with industrialization and development, both birth and death rates decrease, leading to stabilized or declining populations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the demographic trends witnessed in state-level societies, two significant ones are: B. An increase in birth rates and a rise in mortality rates due to disease. However, according to the demographic transition theory, as societies industrialize, they experience major shifts in population growth patterns. These include a decrease in both death rates and birth rates over time, leading to stabilized or even declining populations.
In the early stages, pre-industrial societies have both high birth and death rates, resulting in slow population growth. With industrialization (Stage 2), death rates fall, leading to a net population gain. When societies become more urbanized (Stage 3), birth rates begin to decline. By Stage 4, both birth and death rates are low, stabilizing the population. Eventually, some societies reach Stage 5, characterized by an overall decline in population as seen in some modern urban post-industrial societies.
Economic security and education, particularly for women, are key factors in reducing birth rates. As mortality rates, especially among children, decrease, families tend to have fewer children. Therefore, while early state-level societies may have seen an increase in birth rates and mortality due to disease, the long-term trend as societies develop is toward lower rates of both.
Answer: B. An increase in birth rates and a rise in mortality rates due to disease.