Final answer:
The controversy over archaeological excavation stems from conflicts between scientific research and cultural heritage preservation, and governments respond by attempting to balance these interests through legislation and stakeholder consultation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The excavation of archaeological sites can often be controversial due to the tension between the pursuit of scientific knowledge and the respect for cultural heritage and indigenous rights. Scientists argue the importance of excavation in understanding the past, yet native groups and activists raise concerns about the impact on cultural sites and ancestral remains. For example, in the case of Kennewick Man, scientists were interested in studying the remains to gain insights into human history, while Native American groups sought to have the remains reburied in accordance with their cultural and spiritual beliefs. The government typically responds to such controversies by balancing these interests, sometimes resulting in the repatriation of remains or artifacts to descendant communities or the implementation of stricter controls and regulations over archaeological practices. Building projects, like the drilling of a tunnel beneath a historic site, can prompt public outcry and debate regarding conservation versus restoration. Additionally, UNESCO's stance that World Heritage sites belong to everyone sparks a discussion about global heritage and local rights. These controversies point to the delicate balance between development, scientific research, and the preservation of heritage. Governments may respond by consulting with stakeholders, enacting legislation, or halting projects to address the various concerns raised.