Final answer:
A. bribery
Bribery is the most common form of corruption affecting international trade, often involving Transnational Organized Crime groups that compromise government stability and economic development. Trade barriers and complex permit systems can also contribute to a corrupt environment by increasing the potential for financial incentives to influence government officials.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most common form of corruption affecting international trade is bribery. Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) groups often bribe or ally with government officials, which has a deleterious effect on economic development and the stability of government institutions. This not only undermines the rule of law but also hinders the expansion of democracy and diverts funds from governments and their citizens. Furthermore, governments can discourage trade by imposing trade barriers, such as tariffs, and creating complex permit systems that can foster a corrupt environment where businesses may resort to bribery for easier access to foreign markets and vital imports.
While trade policy is often viewed as a source of conflict, with countries accusing each other of 'unfair' practices, the enforcement of fair trade standards and the role of bodies like the WTO in dispute settlement are crucial in maintaining order in international trade. Governments may impose measures such as trade sanctions or restrictive bills in an attempt to level the playing field, but these sometimes result in increased restrictions on trade. It's important to balance the enforcement of fair trade with the risk of creating barriers that can lead to corruption and stifle economic growth.