Final answer:
Previously independent horticulture societies are now experiencing challenges as they transition to peasant classes within larger economic systems, often facing pressures from state demands and climate change, with community-based solutions being implemented to address these issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Formerly independent horticulture societies are now often transformed into peasant classes within nation-states, facing new challenges such as marginalization and reliance on larger economic and political structures. These societal shifts, driven by the growth of cities and the need for higher yields, have led to farmers being obligated to sell their surplus to pay for inputs like seed and fertilizer. Additionally, the impact of collective farming has seen individual farmers give up their land and resources to larger collective operations. This consolidation, while sometimes providing benefits like better shipping rates or prices on inputs through cooperatives, also places pressure on smallholder farmers to adapt to climate shocks and stressors with limited resources. Interventions like community-based solutions, teaching sustainable agricultural practices, and regenerative agriculture are attempts to address these challenges and promote a healthier relationship between smallholders, economies, and the environment.