Final answer:
The proposed resolution to the debate over representation by population by Robert Sherman was the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, which suggested a two-house national legislature. The House of Representatives would have representation based on the population of each state, while the Senate would have two representatives per state.
Step-by-step explanation:
The proposed resolution to the debate over representation by population by Robert Sherman was the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise. This compromise suggested a two-house national legislature, with the lower house, the House of Representatives, having representation based on the population of each state. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house or Senate regardless of population.