Final answer:
Land-based empires maintained power by using monumental architecture to symbolize their might and authority, to demonstrate religious devotion, and to solidify social hierarchies. Structures like pyramids, temples, and palaces played key roles in showcasing wealth and divine favor, as well as educating and inspiring populations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power by using architecture to symbolize their might and authority. These structures, such as pyramids, temples, and palaces, were constructed to showcase the wealth, capabilities, and divine favor of the ruling elite. Empires like the Aksumite and Himyarite prominently displayed their religious devotion through the creation of inscriptions and the building of monuments dedicated to their faith. Similarly, the architecture often reflected the religious aspirations of the people, such as the desire to glorify their gods through large and inspiring religious buildings. For instance, the Great Temple at Abu Simbel, built by Pharaoh Ramses II, is a prime example of monumental architecture both serving a religious function and demonstrating the pharaoh's power.
Furthermore, monumental architecture facilitated the reinforcement of social hierarchies and served educational and recruitment purposes. It could awe and inspire populations, thus consolidating the ruler's prestige and hold on power. In cases where literacy was low, monumental architecture was often used to convey narratives and moral guidelines to the populace. This grand architecture not only represented the empire's strength but also played a substantial role in the cultural and religious life of the citizens, thereby solidifying the rulers' authority both politically and spiritually.