Final answer:
The defeat of Athens led to the emergence of great philosophic thinkers due to changes in the intellectual landscape caused by the rise of the sophists and the political shifts in Athens. As the sophists taught rhetoric, concerns over possible manipulation of public opinion arose. The defeat in the Peloponnesian War and the subsequent changes in Athens' political control over other city-states also fueled intellectual growth.
Step-by-step explanation:
The defeat of Athens led to the rise of many great philosophic thinkers due to the changes and intellectual challenges that occurred during this period. One reason was the emergence of the sophists, who were known for their learning, wisdom, and skills in rhetoric. They taught rhetoric to individuals for a fee, which attracted many ambitious men seeking success as lawyers or politicians. However, this also led to concerns that these trained speakers could manipulate public opinion against the people's self-interest.
Additionally, the defeat of Athens in the Peloponnesian War brought about a shift in the Athenian mindset. The war, which lasted from 431 to 400 BCE, caused political instability and turmoil. Athens, formerly a dominant power, experienced changes in its political control over other city-states and began imposing new laws, regulations, and taxes on them. This led to revolts and further questioning of traditional values and systems, sparking intellectual growth and the appearance of great philosophic thinkers.
Therefore, the defeat of Athens not only challenged traditional views and values but also created a fertile intellectual landscape that allowed great philosophic thinkers to emerge and question established norms.