Final answer:
Francisco Pizarro landed in 1532 and found the Inca Empire embroiled in a civil war; he took advantage of the situation to conquer the empire, seizing Atahualpa and founding Lima.
Step-by-step explanation:
The individual who landed in 1532 and found the Inca Empire recovering from a civil war was Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish conquistador. Pizarro exploited the chaos following the death of the Incan Emperor Wayna Qhapaq due to smallpox, and the subsequent civil war between his sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar. Taking advantage of the weakened state of the Inca Empire and its divided leadership, Pizarro and his men were able to conquer it, capturing Atahualpa in 1532, who was later executed, and effectively beginning the end of the Inca empire.
Pizarro arrived in Peru with a small but well-equipped force, including horse soldiers, which was far outnumbered by the Inca armies. However, through a series of military maneuvers and with the help of various native allies who were opposed to the Inca rule, Pizarro managed to defeat the larger Inca forces. The Spanish ultimately seized control of Cuzco, the Inca capital, and imposed Spanish colonial rule over the region.
The fall under Spanish colonial rule drastically changed the social and cultural landscape of the region. Pizarro founded the city of Lima in 1535, which later became the capital of Peru, marking the solidification of Spanish control over the former Inca territories.