Final answer:
Scenarios involving collecting and organizing data, making and testing hypotheses, and conducting statistical analysis for unique research questions are considered projects. Projects are temporary endeavors with specific goals, distinct from ongoing operations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asked pertains to identifying which scenarios represent projects as opposed to operations within the context of statistical methods and concepts. A project typically refers to a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result, while an operation is an ongoing, repetitive process to maintain the business.
Operation vs. Project
- Collecting and organizing data: This can be seen as part of a project when you're setting up the initial framework for statistical analysis.
- Making a hypothesis: Definitely a project task, as it is unique to the particular question you are trying to answer with your data.
- Testing a hypothesis by experiment: This is part of a project since it’s a temporary endeavor to test a theory.
- Rejecting the old hypothesis and making a new one: This iterative process is characteristic of project work as hypotheses are refined until valid conclusions can be drawn.
- Regarding finding probabilities of course requirements, this involves statistical analysis which is considered project work in many cases since it can be a unique analytical process.
In conclusion, examples a, b, c, and part of the follow-up examples pertain to project work as they involve analysis and development that are unique and temporary, aiming at specific ends.