Final answer:
Cows are seen in various lights within the study and stories, revered in India for their material assets provided throughout their lifespan and showcased in grazing studies for the consequences of good and poor land management practices. The narrative example with Jane illustrates how observation of cattle behavior can inform about environmental conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cows and other bovine species discussed in different contexts of the study and stories presented are seen in various ways, each serving to illustrate the relationship between humans and these animals from socio-economic and environmental perspectives. In Marvin Harris's exploration of the economic rationale in India, cows are considered sacred primarily because they provide a broad range of material assets during their lifetime - dung for fuel, traction for plowing fields, and milk - rather than being raised for meat alone. This cultural reverence underscores the religious importance as well as the practical, day-to-day value of the animals within society.
Additionally, the farmer study and satellite photos from the 1970s highlight contrasts in cattle grazing practices between informed farmers and nomads. Informed farmers used rotational grazing and allowed fields to lie fallow, resulting in healthier land and more sustainable livestock populations. In contrast, the nomadic approach led to soil erosion, plant death, and ultimately, the death of cattle and sometimes people, due to lack of planning for the impact on the environment and the greater good.
Lastly, in narrative sections like the one with Jane using a field-glass, cattle behaviors are observed to infer environmental conditions and potential issues within the herd, showcasing the keen observation skills that are essential for successful management of livestock. Such details provide a rich tapestry of the complex interdependencies between humans, animals, and the environment.