Final answer:
Fiscal policy primarily affects the supply side of the economy and is not a direct factor affecting demand. Regarding a price ceiling, it neither shifts demand nor supply directly; it sets a limit on the market price.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors that affect demand include population changes, wage levels, and demographics but not fiscal policy directly. Fiscal policy generally influences the economy by affecting taxation and government spending, which can influence demand indirectly, but it is primarily related to affecting the supply side of the economy directly. For instance, an increased number of workers due to factors like immigration, increasing population, or more women working outside the home can cause the supply curve to shift to the right. On the other hand, an aging and therefore retiring population will decrease the supply of labor.
To answer the student's question: All of the following would affect demand EXCEPT fiscal policy. Fiscal policy mainly affects how resources are distributed and used in the economy, which impacts the supply side more than demand.
When we look at the additional question, a price ceiling does not shift demand or supply directly; instead, it creates a maximum price that can lead to shortages when the market price is not allowed to rise to its equilibrium level. It is a constraint on the price mechanism, so the correct answer would be (d) neither.