Final answer:
The specialized feeding apparatus used by fungi for direct penetration and nutrient absorption is called a haustorium, while mushrooms are classified as basidiocarps.
Step-by-step explanation:
The specialized feeding apparatus made by fungi during direct penetration that maximizes surface area is known as a haustorium. Fungi such as parasitic fungi, which include important plant pathogens like powdery mildews and rusts, use haustoria to penetrate the cell walls of their hosts. These haustoria then interact with the host cell's plasma membrane, allowing the fungus to absorb nutrients like sugars and amino acids from the host's cytosol.
As for mushrooms, they are a type of basidiocarp, which emerges from the substrate and contains special cells called basidia where karyogamy occurs, followed by meiosis to produce haploid nuclei that eventually become basidiospores.