Final answer:
Biologists isolate cell components through a process called cell fractionation, which involves breaking open cells and separating subcellular organelles using differential centrifugation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Biologists isolate cell components through a process called cell fractionation. The first step is to break open the cells and release their contents using physical means or enzymes.
Then, the subcellular organelles and particles are isolated from the cytoplasm through differential centrifugation, which separates them based on their mass. After re-suspension, each isolated component can be further analyzed and studied.