Final answer:
The treatment for beta-blocker overdose typically involves intravenous administration of glucagon and possibly high-dose insulin with dextrose. Glucagon acts as a positive inotropic agent, and insulin helps improve cardiac function. Additional measures like pacing for severe bradycardia and correction of electrolyte imbalances may be necessary.
Step-by-step explanation:
Treatment of Beta-Blocker Overdose
The primary treatment for an overdose of beta-blockers involves the administration of intravenous fluids, glucagon, and potentially high-dose insulin with dextrose. Glucagon is a positive inotropic agent that can increase myocardial contractility independent of beta-receptor mechanisms and is particularly useful in beta-blocker overdose. High-dose insulin, along with dextrose to prevent hypoglycemia, has also been shown to have positive inotropic effects. It's important to note that treatment strategies may vary depending on the specific clinical situation, the type of beta-blocker ingested, and the severity of symptoms manifested by the patient.
In cases where bradycardia is severe and not responsive to pharmacological treatments, transcutaneous pacing or, if available, transvenous pacing may be necessary. Furthermore, monitoring for and correcting any potential electrolyte imbalances, including hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, is crucial as they can worsen the overdose effects.