Final answer:
SGLT2 inhibitors can lower blood glucose in diabetes and decrease CV mortality and HF exacerbations, while managing diabetic kidney disease might require addressing elevated endothelin levels. Insulin injections help in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis by forming a negative feedback loop.
Step-by-step explanation:
SGLT2 inhibitors are a class of medications used primarily to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by preventing glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby lowering blood glucose levels. An additional benefit of SGLT2 inhibitors is their ability to decrease cardiovascular (CV) mortality and heart failure (HF) exacerbations in people with type 2 diabetes who have a high risk of cardiovascular disease or established heart disease.
In individuals with diabetic kidney disease, a different intervention is sometimes required. These patients have elevated levels of endothelin, which leads to sodium retention and can damage the kidneys through effects on cells called podocytes, and by causing constriction in the blood vessels (afferent and efferent arterioles) leading to and from the glomeruli in the kidneys.
For diabetes management, insulin injections can be used. These injections help establish a negative feedback loop by increasing the amount of insulin in the body, which promotes the uptake of glucose by the cells, thereby lowering high blood glucose levels back towards normal levels. This negative feedback action is vital to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose production.