Final answer:
The second-line drugs used for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis include chloramphenicol, clindamycin, nitrofurantoin, rifampin, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
Step-by-step explanation:
The second-line drugs used for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis include:
- Chloramphenicol
- Clindamycin
- Nitrofurantoin
- Rifampin
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole
These drugs are typically used when the initial treatment with first-line antibiotics, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides, is not effective or the infection is caused by bacteria that are resistant to these antibiotics.