Final answer:
The process in question where proteins are synthesized using mRNA as a template is called translation. This is a critical step in gene expression that can lead to diseases if not properly conducted.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process through which protein is formed from the genetic information that mRNA copies from DNA is called translation.
During this process, the information encoded in mRNA is used to direct the sequencing of amino acids to synthesize a protein, translating the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA into the amino acid sequence of the protein. Errors in translation can lead to various hereditary and age-related diseases, as proper protein synthesis is crucial for building important body tissues and performing vital functions.