Final answer:
Agriculture is the modern institution that first began during the Neolithic Revolution, marking a shift from hunting and gathering to a life based primarily on agriculture.
Step-by-step explanation:
The modern institution that first began during the Neolithic Revolution is agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution marked a shift from hunting and gathering to a life based primarily on agriculture. This led to the development of farming techniques, the domestication of animals, and the establishment of permanent settlements.