Final answer:
Functional congenital heart defects can be further divided based on specific abnormalities in the heart, including ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and tetralogy of Fallot.
Step-by-step explanation:
Congenital heart defects can be further divided based on the specific abnormalities present in the heart. Some common types of functional congenital heart defects include:
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): This is a hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles. It allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, which can lead to oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing.
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): This is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. It allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, causing a mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): This is a failure of a temporary blood vessel, called the ductus arteriosus, to close after birth. It allows blood to bypass the lungs, resulting in a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
- Tetralogy of Fallot: This is a combination of four heart defects that affect the structure of the heart, including a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It leads to a mix of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, causing cyanosis (a bluish coloration of the skin).