Question

Andrew, a criminologist, is engaged in research and concludes that men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to commit crimes. However, he is unable to explain why some men with high testosterone levels do not commit crimes. Andrew's research exemplifies which of the following criticisms of biological and biosocial theories?

A) Lack of empirical evidence
B) Oversimplification of complex phenomena
C) Ignoring environmental factors
D) Failure to establish causation

Answer 1

Andrew's research exemplifies the criticism of failure to establish causation in biological and biosocial theories.

Step-by-step explanation:

Andrew's research exemplifies the criticism of failure to establish causation in biological and biosocial theories. Even though Andrew concludes that high levels of testosterone are more likely to lead to crime, he is unable to explain why some men with high testosterone levels do not commit crimes. This suggests that testosterone levels alone cannot be the sole determinant of criminal behavior, and other factors such as environmental influences must be considered.