Final answer:
Litigation alternatives can arise as options through public interest litigation (PIL), class action lawsuits, and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods.
Step-by-step explanation:
Litigation alternatives can arise as options through various means:
- Public interest litigation (PIL): In countries like India, citizens can directly seek redress for grievances in the courts without needing a legislative response.
- Class action lawsuits: This allows plaintiffs with similar circumstances to combine their cases into one court case, sharing costs and covering individuals who may not even know they have a case.
- Alternative dispute resolution (ADR): ADR methods like negotiation, mediation, and arbitration provide alternative routes to resolve legal disputes outside of the traditional courtroom.