Final answer:
Gail is more efficient because she achieved the same grade as Allison in less time. Efficiency is measured by comparing the output (grade) with the input (study time). Academic performance can also be compared using z-scores and percentiles, and diligence in study is shown to enhance value and learning outcomes in coursework.
Step-by-step explanation:
The scenario presented involves two university students, Allison and Gail, who achieved the same grade but invested different amounts of time in studying. Gail appears to be the more productive student because e. her efficiency seemed to be better than Allison's. Efficiency, in this context, relates to the output (grade) relative to the input (time spent studying). Gail's higher efficiency is evidenced by her achieving the same grade as Allison while studying for a shorter period of time.Using similar examples, we see that in terms of GPA and academic achievement, measures such as z-scores and percentiles can provide valuable insights. For instance, a student whose z-score is higher is doing better relative to the mean GPA of their school, and a student in a higher percentile is doing better relative to their classmates.Furthermore, the amount of effort and diligence applied to study can influence not only grades but also the perceived value of the course and the amount learned, as indicated by the study by Heckert et al. (2006).