Final answer:
During the California Gold Rush, the Forty-Niners faced difficult working conditions, violence and lawlessness in mining camps, and the loss of Native American lives.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Forty-Niners faced several hardships when mining for gold during the California Gold Rush. Some of these hardships include:
- Difficult working conditions: Miners had to work in dangerous conditions underground, with poor ventilation, high temperatures, and the risk of cave-ins, shaft fires, and dynamite explosions.
- Violence and lawlessness: Mining camps and towns were often violent and lawless, with clashes among miners and camp followers. Native Americans were abused and displaced, and there was discrimination against foreigners, especially Chinese migrants.
- Loss of Native American lives: Native Americans suffered a massive loss of life as miners forced them to work claims, drove them off their lands, and even murdered them as part of a campaign of extermination.