Question

Hydrophilic ligands do not cross the cellular membrane and end up using what kind of receptor?

Option 1. Intracellular receptors (cytoplasmic receptors)
Option 2. Extracellular receptors (cell surface receptors)
Option 3. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Option 4. Ligand-gated ion channels
Option 5. Enzyme-linked receptor

Answer 1

Hydrophilic ligands use cell-surface receptors such as extracellular receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels, and enzyme-linked receptors to transmit signals into the cell. The correct options are 2 3 5.

Step-by-step explanation:

Hydrophilic ligands cannot cross the cellular membrane and instead bind to cell-surface receptors. These receptors, such as extracellular receptors (cell surface receptors), G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ligand-gated ion channels, and enzyme-linked receptors, transmit signals from outside the cell into a response within the cell.

Cell-surface receptors span the plasma membrane and convert external signals into internal ones, allowing water-soluble hydrophilic ligands to trigger cellular responses without entering the cell. The correct options are 2 3 5.