Question

With Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson, Steven Spencer also observed this self-fulfilling ___ with Black students. When reminded of their race just before taking verbal aptitude tests, they performed worse.

a) Prophecy
b) Bias
c) Stereotype
d) Prejudice

Answer 1

Black students performed worse on verbal aptitude tests after being reminded of their race, supporting the concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy based on the stereotype of Black students being less intelligent.

Step-by-step explanation:

A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters their behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When Black students were reminded of their race before taking verbal aptitude tests, they performed worse, which supports the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy. This self-fulfilling prophecy is a result of the stereotype that Black students are less intelligent.