Final answer:
Guidelines small unit leaders should apply to create an ethical environment include maintaining situational awareness, fostering teamwork and camaraderie, and emphasizing accountability, which is 'd) All of the above'. Collective action problems are less severe in small groups due to less free riding, better monitoring, and stronger peer pressure. An individual's actions are influenced by their reference groups, and informational social influence occurs when answers are unclear and the group has expertise.
Step-by-step explanation:
To create an ethical environment, small unit leaders should apply certain guidelines that foster a strong and principled team dynamic. These include maintaining situational awareness, which helps leaders make informed decisions that align with ethical practices; fostering teamwork and camaraderie, which helps build trust and a sense of collective responsibility; and emphasizing accountability, which ensures that actions are taken with an awareness of their moral implications. Therefore, the correct answer is d) All of the above.
Regarding collective action problems, they are indeed less severe in small groups because of factors like reduced ability to free ride, easier monitoring of individual behavior, and stronger peer pressure; hence the answer is d) All of the above. Asch's study on conformity showed that having an ally and keeping one's answers private helps resist the pressure to conform. Carol Gilligan critiqued earlier research on morality as overlooking the sympathetic reactions to moral situations. A technique for resolving the tragedy of the commons is preventing free riding. Leadership is grounded in cultivating moral law and discipline, which controls success. Schools prepare children for the workforce by doing all: standardized curriculum, hidden curriculum, and socializing in teamwork. A reference group is a group whose values and norms significantly influence an individual's behavior. Informational social influence is more likely when the answer is unclear and when the group is perceived to have expertise.