Final answer:
The U.S. Constitution is defined by its republican form of government, a federal system, the separation of powers, checks and balances, and the power of judicial review. These features form the backbone of the American political system and reflect the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the founding fathers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The U.S. Constitution is characterized by several defining features that underscore its role as the foundation of American government. These features include:
- A republican form of government, which operates as a representative democracy. This means that while the government is democratic in nature, the public does not vote directly on legislation but instead elects representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
- A federal system which divides the powers of government between the national government and the state governments, allowing each to have its jurisdiction and authority within the confinements of the Constitution.
- The separation of powers across three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) is fundamental, ensuring that each branch has different responsibilities and must work cooperatively to govern.
- An elaborate system of checks and balances is in place which ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful. Each branch can influence and limit the powers of the others.
- The power of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution and invalidate laws that conflict with constitutional principles.
These features reflect the influence of Enlightenment ideas and the framers' intention to create a balanced government that protects the rights and freedoms of its citizens.