Final answer:
Joyce's ability to hear words in the correct order and understand a full sentence is most closely associated with syntax, which governs the arrangement of words and phrases in language. Correct answer is B. Syntax.
Step-by-step explanation:
When Joyce hears the words being spoken in the correct order and understands them as a full sentence, this is most closely associated with syntax. Syntax is the branch of linguistics that deals with the rules for the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
This is different from semantics, which is concerned with the meaning of individual words and the meanings they produce when combined, pragmatics that deals with the use of language in social contexts, and discourse which relates to larger units of language such as paragraphs and full conversations. Syntax is essential in forming sentences that are coherent and can be understood within the cognitive functions of language, which involve sentences that are either true or false, or potentially true or false. So, the correct answer is B. Syntax.