Final answer:
The correct term for a set of alleles inherited together on a chromosome is a haplotype. This is due to linked genes on the same chromosome that tend to be passed on together, unless crossing-over occurs during meiosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that refers to a set of alleles that is inherited together on a chromosome is known as a haplotype. This phenomenon occurs because genes that are located on the same chromosome are called linked genes. These linked genes tend to segregate together during meiosis, which can lead to the inheritance of specific combinations of alleles, or haplotypes, from the parents. For example, consider a dihybrid cross involving plant height and flower color. If the alleles for tall plants and red flowers are on one chromosome and the alleles for short plants and yellow flowers are on the homologous chromosome, the gametes formed will usually have the tall/red and short/yellow combinations, known as the parental genotypes.
As the distance between two genes on a chromosome increases, the likelihood of crossing-over, or recombination, increases, making the genes behave more independently. Geneticists have used the proportion of recombinant gametes – those with non-parental allele combinations – to create linkage maps that show the location of genes on chromosomes.