Final answer:
The large Asian empires had several options in the face of European aggression, including engaging with nomadic peoples, incorporating foreign cultures, and establishing treaties.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the face of European aggression, the large Asian empires had several basic options that they could pursue. One option was to engage in ad hoc arrangements with the nomadic peoples of the steppes in order to establish common institutions and gradually align their interests with China. Another strategy was to incorporate elements of foreign cultures, such as Tibetan-style Buddhism, into the practices of the Chinese state. Additionally, some empires attempted to conclude treaties with the Europeans. For example, the Chinese attempted to establish treaties with the Russians.