Final answer:
The correct answer to which early planning efforts were not directed is 'b. to conserve natural resources', as this reflects a more modern concern with sustainability rather than a primary focus of traditional planning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to the motivations behind early planning efforts in various societies and governments. When we consider the aspects that early planning efforts were not directed at, we can rule out purposes such as glorifying those in power, reflecting cultural values, and solving specific problems.
These objectives were certainly part of early planning strategies. However, the conservation of natural resources was not typically a primary focus of early planning; it is a more contemporary concern that has gained prominence alongside environmental awareness and sustainable development. Consequently, the correct answer would be 'b. to conserve natural resources', as early planning efforts did not generally prioritize this aspect.